Academics Andre's Research Biocuriosities Books Graduate School History of Science Hot off the Press Igor's Research Interdisciplinarity Molecule of the Month Open Access Philip's Research Philosophy of Science Physics Physicsworld.com
Backreaction Ceclia's Blog at PHD Comics Cocktail Party Physics Cosmic Variance The Daily Transcript Easternblot Everyday Scientist The Evilutionary Biologist Freelancing Science The Futile Cycle Good Math, Bad Math iMechanica in singulo Incoherently Scattered Ponderings Juniorprof Klara Stefflova Life of a Lab Rat The Loom Metadatta Mixed States Morning Coffee Physics Not Even Wrong Notes from the biomass Notional Slurry OpenScience Project Pharyngula PLoS Blog Ponderings of a fool Recombinants The Sandwalk SciAm Observations ScienceBlogs Scientific Clearing House Shtetl-Optimized Three-toed Sloth Uncertain Principles What's New by Bob Park
In the 1940’s, Barbara McClintock discovered that the genome is a dynamic, changing place. She was studying maize, and she found that the beautiful mosaic colors of the kernels did not follow typical laws of inheritance. When she looked inside the cells, she found that the chromosomes changed shape, swapping pieces from one chromosome to the next. From this work, she found that the color changes were caused by the removal of a particular piece of DNA from the general area of the gene that caused the color, allowing the gene to be expressed and create pigments. She called this process transposition, where a piece of DNA is cut out of one place and pasted into another location.
Since then, transposing DNA has been found in organisms of all kinds. In our cells, it is normally a rare process, but careful analysis of our genome shows that fully 40 percent of the genome has moved around in the distant past. Bacteria have more active transposable elements, which shuttle genes for antibiotic resistance around. But by far the most active form of transposition is performed by retroviruses, such as HIV, that multiply by inserting themselves into the DNA, and then forcing the cell to make many new copies of their genetic information.
In the simplest cases, transposition needs only two things: a transposon (the DNA that moves), and a transposase (the enzyme that cuts out the DNA and moves it to a different place). The enzyme shown here is a bacterial transposase (PDB entry 1muh) that moves a transposon called Tn5. The Tn5 transposon is a piece of DNA that includes several genes for antibiotic resistance, along with the gene needed to build the transposase itself. The crystal structure has caught the enzyme in the middle of the process of transposition. The process starts when two copies of enzyme bind to the DNA at the two ends of the transposon. Then, the two ends are brought together, closing the transposon into a big loop, and the transposase cuts the DNA at both ends. This is what we see in the structure: two copies of the enzyme holding the two severed ends of the DNA (note that the actual loop of DNA is much larger…5700 base pairs long). Finally, the enzymes find a new location on the DNA and reinsert the transposon.
More from David Goodsell here.
Snow mounds on the wood Ten simple rules for selecting a [lab]
Biocurious is written by Andre Brown and Philip Johnson, since 2005. Content of the weblog is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License.
Yay! I use transposase (p-elements for hybrid dysgenesis) every day. Thank you Dr. McClintock.
I second the “Yay!”. I’m trying to write a paper about the role of transposable elements in the evolution of tetraploid genomes (salmonids, mainly).
Thank you Dr. McClintock!